Cheesecake, a dessert known for its creamy texture and rich flavor, has captivated palates for centuries. But have you ever wondered about its origins? What was the original cheesecake called, and how did it evolve into the delectable treat we know and love today? The answer lies not in modern pastry shops, but in the annals of ancient history.
The Genesis of Cheesecake: Ancient Greece and Beyond
While the cheesecake we indulge in today is a relatively modern creation, its roots stretch back to ancient Greece. The earliest documented form of cheesecake wasn’t quite the sweet dessert we’re accustomed to. Instead, it was a simple cake made from fresh cheese, flour, and honey.
“Plakous”: The Ancient Greek Cheesecake
The earliest known reference to what could be considered cheesecake comes from ancient Greece. Around 2000 BCE, on the island of Samos, archaeologists have discovered molds that suggest the creation of a cheese-based cake. This cake was called “Plakous.” Plakous wasn’t just a casual treat; it was considered a source of energy and was even served to athletes during the Olympic Games. Imagine fueling up for the Olympics with a slice of ancient cheesecake!
Plakous was a far cry from the rich, decadent cheesecake of today. The cheese used was likely a fresh, unripened cheese, similar to ricotta or cottage cheese. It was combined with flour, typically wheat flour, and sweetened with honey. The mixture was then baked or cooked on a hot stone. The resulting cake was dense and relatively simple in flavor, but it provided a much-needed source of sustenance.
Cheesecake’s Journey to Rome
As the Roman Empire rose to power, they adopted many aspects of Greek culture, including their culinary traditions. The Romans took Plakous and adapted it, creating their own version of the cheese-based cake. This Roman version, though similar in concept, incorporated different ingredients and preparation methods.
The Roman “Libum” and its Variations
The Romans called their version of cheesecake “Libum.” Libum was primarily used for religious offerings. Cato the Elder, a Roman statesman, provided one of the earliest written recipes for Libum in his treatise “De Agri Cultura” (On Agriculture) in the 2nd century BCE.
The Roman recipe for Libum called for:
- Crushed cheese (likely a fresh cheese)
- Wheat flour
- One egg
These ingredients were mixed together, shaped into a cake, and baked on hot stones. This resulted in a simple, yet filling, cake that was used in various religious ceremonies and celebrations.
While Libum was the primary name for a simple cheese cake, other variations existed in Roman cuisine. Some recipes included additions like honey for sweetness, or even spices like bay leaves for added flavor. These variations reflect the Roman penchant for experimentation and adaptation in their culinary practices. Romans often used cheese in diverse ways. Romans used cheese as a spread.
From Ritual to Dessert: The Evolution Continues
Although Libum was initially associated with religious offerings, it eventually made its way into the broader Roman diet. As with Plakous, it provided a valuable source of sustenance and was enjoyed by people from all walks of life. Over time, the Romans refined the recipe, adding more ingredients and developing new techniques for preparing the cake.
The Middle Ages and the Development of Modern Cheesecake
Following the fall of the Roman Empire, the tradition of making cheese-based cakes continued throughout Europe. Each region adapted the recipe to suit local ingredients and preferences, leading to a diverse range of cheesecakes.
The Spread Across Europe
As cheesecakes spread across Europe, they began to evolve significantly. The use of different types of cheese, such as cream cheese, became more common. Sugar replaced honey as the primary sweetener. The texture became smoother and richer, resembling the cheesecake we know today.
In the Middle Ages, cookbooks started featuring recipes for cheese-based cakes. These recipes often included instructions for making the cheese from scratch, as processed cheese wasn’t readily available. The cakes were typically baked in a crust, which added another layer of flavor and texture.
The Introduction of Cream Cheese
The most significant turning point in the history of cheesecake occurred in the late 19th century with the accidental creation of cream cheese in America. William Lawrence, a dairyman from Chester, New York, was attempting to make Neufchâtel cheese but inadvertently created a richer, creamier cheese. This new cheese, eventually marketed as Philadelphia Cream Cheese, revolutionized cheesecake making.
The American Revolution: Cream Cheese Takes Center Stage
With the advent of cream cheese, American cheesecake underwent a dramatic transformation. Cream cheese became the defining ingredient, resulting in the smooth, rich texture that characterizes New York-style cheesecake.
New York-Style Cheesecake: A Culinary Icon
New York-style cheesecake is arguably the most famous type of cheesecake in the world. It’s characterized by its dense, creamy texture and its tall, imposing appearance. The key to its success lies in the generous use of cream cheese, combined with eggs, sugar, and a hint of vanilla.
The exact origins of New York-style cheesecake are debated, but it’s generally attributed to Jewish immigrants who brought their cheese-based cake recipes to America. These recipes were adapted and refined over time, eventually leading to the iconic dessert we know today. Arnold Reuben, a German-Jewish immigrant and restaurant owner, is often credited with popularizing New York-style cheesecake in the early 20th century.
Variations and Global Adaptations
While New York-style cheesecake remains a classic, countless variations have emerged over the years. From fruit-topped cheesecakes to chocolate cheesecakes, the possibilities are endless. Different regions around the world have also developed their own unique versions of cheesecake, reflecting local flavors and ingredients.
Japanese cheesecake, for example, is known for its light, airy texture, achieved by incorporating whipped egg whites into the batter. Basque burnt cheesecake, originating from Spain, is intentionally baked until the top is deeply caramelized, resulting in a bittersweet flavor. Italian cheesecake often uses ricotta cheese, resulting in a slightly grainier texture.
Modern Cheesecake and its Enduring Appeal
Cheesecake continues to be a beloved dessert around the world. Its versatility and adaptability have allowed it to remain relevant and popular across cultures and generations.
The Science of Cheesecake
The science behind cheesecake is fascinating. The key to achieving the perfect texture lies in understanding the role of each ingredient. Cream cheese provides the richness and creaminess, while eggs help to bind the ingredients together and add structure. Sugar sweetens the cake and contributes to its moisture.
Baking cheesecake requires a delicate balance of heat and time. Overbaking can result in a dry, cracked cake, while underbaking can lead to a soggy texture. Many recipes recommend baking cheesecake in a water bath to ensure even cooking and prevent cracking.
Cheesecake in Pop Culture
Cheesecake has also made its mark on pop culture. From being featured in movies and television shows to inspiring countless memes and jokes, cheesecake has become a cultural icon. Its association with comfort, indulgence, and celebration has solidified its place in our collective consciousness.
Tracing the Name: A Final Reflection
So, what was the original cheesecake called? While not precisely “cheesecake” as we know it, “Plakous” is the most accurate answer, representing the ancient Greek cheese-based cake that served as the precursor to the modern dessert. From Plakous to Libum to the various regional adaptations throughout Europe and the eventual rise of American cream cheese-based cheesecake, the evolution of this beloved dessert is a testament to the enduring human fascination with cheese and sweet treats.
It showcases how culinary traditions can be adapted, refined, and transformed over centuries, reflecting the changing tastes and ingredients of different cultures. The next time you enjoy a slice of cheesecake, remember its long and fascinating journey, from the simple cakes of ancient Greece to the decadent desserts of today.
A Quick Comparison
| Feature | Plakous (Ancient Greek) | Libum (Roman) | New York-Style Cheesecake |
|—————–|————————–|———————–|—————————|
| Primary Cheese | Fresh cheese | Crushed fresh cheese | Cream cheese |
| Sweetener | Honey | Possibly Honey | Sugar |
| Texture | Dense, simple | Simple | Smooth, creamy |
| Primary Purpose | Energy for athletes | Religious Offering | Dessert |
| Other Ingredients| Flour | Flour, Egg | Eggs, vanilla |
Conclusion: The Enduring Legacy of a Cheesy Treat
The history of cheesecake is a rich tapestry woven with threads of ancient traditions, cultural adaptations, and culinary innovations. From the humble Plakous of ancient Greece to the decadent cheesecakes of today, this dessert has captivated palates for millennia. Its enduring appeal lies in its simple yet satisfying flavor, its versatility, and its ability to evoke feelings of comfort and indulgence. So, the next time you savor a slice of cheesecake, take a moment to appreciate its long and fascinating journey. It’s a delicious reminder of the enduring power of food to connect us to the past.
What evidence suggests that cheesecake has ancient origins?
Archaeological evidence unearthed in Greece points to the existence of a rudimentary form of cheesecake dating back to ancient times. Specifically, cheese molds discovered on the island of Samos, estimated to be from around 2000 BCE, suggest that the Greeks were producing fresh cheese. Recipes recorded by ancient Greek writers, such as Athenaeus, describe a simple concoction of cheese, flour, and honey, which, when baked, could be considered an early precursor to modern cheesecake.
These early cheesecakes were likely quite different from the creamy, decadent desserts we enjoy today. The cheese used would have been less refined, resulting in a denser and more rustic texture. Nevertheless, these historical records provide strong evidence that the concept of combining cheese with sweeteners and baking it into a cake-like form is not a modern invention but rather a practice with roots stretching back thousands of years.
What was the purpose of early cheesecakes in ancient Greece?
Early cheesecakes in ancient Greece weren’t just enjoyed as a casual dessert; they held significant cultural and practical value. Evidence indicates that cheesecakes were often served to athletes during the Olympic Games, possibly as a source of energy and sustenance. The cheese and honey combination offered a calorie-rich and relatively easily digestible food, which could have been beneficial for athletes undergoing strenuous training and competition.
Furthermore, cheesecakes played a role in religious ceremonies and were offered to the gods as a form of tribute. This highlights the social and symbolic importance of the dessert within ancient Greek society. The combination of simple ingredients to create a satisfying food was clearly valued beyond just its taste.
Did the Romans adopt cheesecake from the Greeks?
Yes, the Romans adopted and adapted many aspects of Greek culture, including their culinary practices. Cheesecake was no exception. The Romans called it “placenta,” which is derived from the Greek word for “flat cake,” and their version involved crushing cheese, mixing it with flour and honey, and baking it on a pastry base.
Roman recipes for placenta are more detailed than earlier Greek accounts, indicating a greater refinement of the dish. Cato the Elder, a Roman statesman and writer, documented a placenta recipe in his agricultural treatise “De Agri Cultura” around 200 BCE. This demonstrates that cheesecake had become a well-established part of Roman cuisine, evolving from its earlier Greek form.
How did cheesecake evolve as it spread throughout Europe?
As the Roman Empire expanded, so did the influence of its cuisine, including cheesecake. Different regions adapted the recipe to suit local ingredients and tastes. In some areas, variations incorporated eggs for a richer texture. Others introduced different types of cheese, depending on what was readily available.
The evolution of cheesecake throughout Europe was a gradual process, with each region adding its own unique touch. This resulted in a diverse range of cheesecakes, each reflecting the culinary traditions and resources of its respective area. This regional diversification is crucial to understanding the differences between contemporary cheesecake styles.
What are some early English versions of cheesecake?
In medieval England, cheesecake-like desserts were known as “cheesecakes” or “tartes of cheese.” These early English cheesecakes typically involved a pastry crust filled with a mixture of cheese curd, sugar, and spices like cinnamon and nutmeg. Recipes varied regionally, but the fundamental concept of a cheese-based filling encased in pastry remained consistent.
While these early English cheesecakes may not have resembled the smooth, creamy cheesecakes of modern New York style, they represent an important step in the dessert’s evolution. They demonstrate how the basic concept of cheesecake was adapted and integrated into English culinary traditions, paving the way for later innovations and variations.
How did cream cheese influence the modern cheesecake?
The invention of cream cheese in the late 19th century significantly impacted the development of the modern cheesecake. Cream cheese, with its smooth texture and mild flavor, provided a perfect base for creating a richer and creamier cheesecake than had been previously possible. This ingredient allowed for a more consistent and decadent result, moving away from the coarser textures associated with earlier cheese curds.
In the United States, the introduction of cream cheese revolutionized cheesecake recipes. Bakers began to experiment with cream cheese as the primary ingredient, leading to the development of the classic New York-style cheesecake, which is renowned for its dense, creamy texture and rich flavor. This marked a pivotal moment in cheesecake history, establishing the style we most commonly associate with the dessert today.
What makes New York-style cheesecake unique?
New York-style cheesecake is characterized by its dense, rich, and incredibly smooth texture. This is primarily achieved through the generous use of cream cheese as the dominant ingredient, along with eggs, sugar, and often a touch of vanilla extract. The high proportion of cream cheese contributes to its signature density and luxurious mouthfeel.
Unlike some other cheesecake styles that may incorporate lighter cheeses or have a more airy texture, New York-style cheesecake is known for its unyielding richness. It is typically baked in a water bath to ensure even cooking and prevent cracking. The resulting cheesecake is a testament to the transformative power of cream cheese in culinary history.